> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.useportia.ai/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# The stages of a civil claim

> An overview of the main stages of a civil claim in England and Wales, from the pre-action steps through issuing a claim, defence, directions, and trial.

Civil claims in England and Wales follow a broadly predictable sequence. Knowing which stage a case is at helps you understand what is expected next. The exact steps vary by claim type and value, but the shape below is common to most.

## Before a claim starts (the pre-action stage)

Before anything is filed at court, the parties are expected to communicate. This usually means a [letter before action](/concepts/what-is-a-letter-before-action) setting out the dispute, followed by a chance for the other side to respond. Many disputes settle here. The court expects reasonable conduct at this stage and can take it into account later.

## Issuing the claim

If the matter is not resolved, the claimant starts, or issues, the claim at court. This involves a claim form and, usually, particulars of claim that set out the facts and the legal basis. A fee applies. Once issued, the claim is formally served on the defendant.

## The response

The defendant then responds. They may admit the claim, defend it by filing a [defence](/concepts/what-is-a-defence), or in some cases bring a counterclaim. There are strict time limits for responding, and missing them can have serious consequences, including judgment being entered by default.

## Allocation to a track

The court allocates the claim to a track based mainly on its value and complexity. The track affects how the case is managed, the costs rules, and how much procedure applies. See [claim tracks explained](/concepts/claim-tracks-explained).

## Directions and preparation

The court gives directions: a timetable of steps leading to trial. These commonly include disclosure of documents, exchange of [witness statements](/concepts/what-is-a-witness-statement), and any expert evidence. This is the stage where organising evidence carefully matters most.

## Trial

If the case does not settle, it goes to a hearing where a judge hears the evidence and arguments and makes a decision. Even at this stage, many cases settle before trial.

## Settlement can happen at any point

It is worth stressing that settlement is possible at every stage, not only at the start. A large proportion of civil claims resolve without a trial.

## Related reading

* [What is a letter before action](/concepts/what-is-a-letter-before-action)
* [Claim tracks explained](/concepts/claim-tracks-explained)
* [What is a defence](/concepts/what-is-a-defence)

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Portia is a document-organisation tool for people handling civil disputes in England and Wales. It is not a law firm and does not give legal advice. [Learn what Portia does](https://useportia.ai).